Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT), also referred to as photobiology or bio-stimulation, involves the application of low-power monochromatic and coherent light to injuries and lesions. LLLT is a treatment that utilises light of a single wavelength; it emits no heat, sound, or vibration. Instead of producing a thermal effect, LLLT acts via non-thermal or photochemical reactions…
Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT), also referred to as photobiology or bio-stimulation, involves the application of low-power monochromatic and coherent light to injuries and lesions. LLLT is a treatment that utilises light of a single wavelength; it emits no heat, sound, or vibration. Instead of producing a thermal effect, LLLT acts via non-thermal or photochemical reactions…
The management of musculoskeletal disorders is an increasing challenge to clinicians. Successful treatment relies on a wide range of multidisciplinary interventions. Adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy has been used as an orthopaedic treatment for several decades. Positive outcomes have been reported by many authors for orthopaedic infections, wound healing, delayed union and non-union of fractures,…